Abraham Lincoln (February 12, 1809 – April 15, 1865) was the 16th President of the United States, serving from March 4, 1861, until his assassination.
Born in a log cabin in Hardin County, Kentucky, to Thomas Lincoln and Nancy Hanks, he rose from humble beginnings to lead the nation through the Civil War, abolishing slavery with the Emancipation Proclamation. His leadership and the Gettysburg Address remain iconic, though his life ended tragically by John Wilkes Booth’s bullet.
Yearwise Biography
- 1809: Born on February 12 in Hardin County, Kentucky, to Thomas Lincoln (farmer) and Nancy Hanks, the second of three children.
- 1816: At age 7, family moved to Indiana due to land disputes; began frontier life in a log cabin.
- 1818: Mother Nancy died on October 5 from milk sickness; father remarried Sarah Bush Johnston in 1819.
- 1828: At 19, worked on a flatboat to New Orleans, first witnessing slavery’s impact.
- 1830: Family moved to Illinois; Lincoln struck out on his own, working as a rail-splitter and store clerk.
- 1831: Settles in New Salem, Illinois, and works as a store clerk, surveyor, and postmaster.
- 1832: At 23, ran unsuccessfully for Illinois state legislature; served in the Black Hawk War as a captain.
- 1834: Elected to Illinois House of Representatives as a Whig; began studying law.
- 1836: Passes the bar examination and becomes a lawyer.
- 1837: Admitted to the bar; moved to Springfield, partnered with John T. Stuart, started legal practice.
- 1842: Married Mary Todd on November 4; had four sons: Robert (1843), Edward (1846, died 1850), Willie (1850, died 1862), Tad (1853).
- 1846: Elected to U.S. House of Representatives, served one term (1847–1849), opposed Mexican-American War.
- 1858: At 49, ran against Stephen Douglas for U.S. Senate; lost but gained national fame via Lincoln-Douglas debates.
- 1860: Elected 16th U.S. President on November 6 as a Republican, amid sectional crisis over slavery.
- 1861: Took office on March 4; Civil War began April 12 with Confederate attack on Fort Sumter.
- 1862: Issued preliminary Emancipation Proclamation on September 22, effective January 1, 1863.
- 1863: Delivered Gettysburg Address on November 19, defining war’s purpose; signed Emancipation Proclamation.
- 1864: Re-elected on November 8, vowing to preserve the Union; oversaw Union victories.
- 1865: Delivered second inaugural address on March 4; assassinated by John Wilkes Booth on April 14 at Ford’s Theatre, died on April 15 in Washington, D.C., aged 56.
Family
- Parents: Thomas Lincoln and Nancy Hanks.
- Wife: Mary Todd.
- Children: Robert, Edward, Willie, Tad (only Robert survived to adulthood).
Health
- Generally robust; suffered depression (“melancholy”); died from gunshot wound.
Wealth
- Modest lawyer earnings; presidential salary ($25,000/year) but lived simply.
Honors
- Emancipator title posthumously; Lincoln Memorial (1922) honors his legacy.
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