Alexander III of Macedon, known as Alexander the Great (July 22, 356 BCE – June 10 or 11, 323 BCE), was a king of Macedon who created one of history’s largest empires, stretching from Greece to northwest India. Born in Pella to King Philip II and Queen Olympias, he was tutored by Aristotle, succeeded his father at 20, and died at 32, leaving a legacy of conquest, Hellenistic culture, and enduring mythology.
Yearwise Biography
- 356 BCE: Born on July 20 or 21 in Pella, Macedon, to King Philip II and Queen Olympias, coinciding with the Temple of Artemis burning in Ephesus.
- 343 BCE: At age 13, began studies under Aristotle at Mieza, learning philosophy, science, and military strategy.
- 340 BCE: At 16, left as regent when Philip campaigned against Byzantium, quelling a Thracian revolt.
- 338 BCE: Fought at the Battle of Chaeronea at 18, leading Macedonian cavalry to victory over Athens and Thebes.
- 336 BCE: At 20, succeeded Philip II after his assassination, became king, crushed rebellions in Greece.
- 335 BCE: Destroyed Thebes for revolt, sparing the temples; consolidated Macedonian rule.
- 334 BCE: Crossed the Hellespont, defeated Persian forces at the Battle of Granicus, beginning his Asian campaign.
- 333 BCE: Won the Battle of Issus against Darius III, liberating Greek cities in Asia Minor.
- 332 BCE: Conquered Tyre after a seven-month siege, entered Egypt, founded Alexandria.
- 331 BCE: Defeated Darius at Gaugamela, took Babylon, pursued Persian remnants.
- 330 BCE: Burned Persepolis, Darius was killed by Bessus; Alexander assumed Persian kingship.
- 329 BCE: Crossed the Hindu Kush, conquered Bactria and Sogdiana after fierce resistance.
- 327 BCE: Invaded India, won the Battle of Hydaspes against King Porus, allied with him.
- 326 BCE: Faced mutiny at the Hyphasis River; turned back after soldiers refused further conquest.
- 325 BCE: Returned via Gedrosia desert, losing much of his army; reached Susa, married Stateira.
- 324 BCE: Held mass weddings at Susa, merging cultures; executed mutinous commanders.
- 323 BCE: Died on June 10 or 11 in Babylon at age 32, possibly from fever or poisoning, leaving no clear heir.
Family
- Parents: Philip II and Olympias.
- Wives: Roxana, Stateira, Parysatis.
- Children: Alexander IV (with Roxana), possible others.
Health
- Generally robust; death likely from illness (typhoid, malaria) or poison.
Wealth
- Amassed vast riches from conquests, though personal wealth was state-focused.
Honors
- Titled "Great" posthumously; cities (e.g., Alexandria) named after him.
No comments:
Post a Comment