Shivaji Bhonsle, known as Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj (April 19, 1630 – April 3, 1680), was the founder of the Maratha Empire and a legendary warrior-king in Indian history. Born at Shivneri Fort to Shahaji Bhonsle and Jijabai, he resisted Mughal and Bijapur rule, establishing Swarajya (self-rule) through guerrilla warfare and strategic fortresses. Crowned Chhatrapati in 1674, his legacy of valor, administration, and Hindu resurgence endures.
Yearwise Biography
- 1630: Born on April 19 at Shivneri Fort, Maharashtra, to Shahaji Bhonsle (Maratha general) and Jijabai, during a period of regional instability.
- 1636: At age 6, father Shahaji moved to Karnataka, leaving Shivaji with mother Jijabai in Pune for upbringing.
- 1645: At 15, took control of Torna Fort, beginning his conquests with loyal aides like Tanaji Malusare and Yesaji Kank.
- 1646: Captured Kondana and Rajgad forts, laying foundations for Swarajya.
- 1656: At 26, raided Jalna, defeating Adil Shahi forces, showcasing guerrilla tactics.
- 1659: Killed Afzal Khan, a Bijapur general, in a diplomatic ambush at Pratapgad on November 10.
- 1660: Defeated Shaista Khan, Mughal viceroy, in a daring night raid at Pune on April 5.
- 1664: Sacked Surat, a major Mughal port, on January 6, boosting Maratha finances.
- 1665: Signed the Treaty of Purandar with Mughals under Jai Singh I on June 11, ceding 23 forts but retaining key territories.
- 1666: Visited Agra on Aurangzeb’s invitation, imprisoned briefly, escaped on August 17 using a sweet basket.
- 1670: Recaptured forts lost in Purandar Treaty, reasserted Maratha dominance.
- 1672: Conquered forts in southern Konkan, expanding coastal control.
- 1674: Crowned Chhatrapati on June 6 at Raigad Fort, establishing the Maratha Empire with formal coronation by Gaga Bhatt.
- 1676: Launched a naval campaign, capturing forts like Kolaba and capturing Janjira (unsuccessful siege).
- 1678: Conquered Bhupalgad and waged war against the Siddis of Janjira.
- 1680: Died on April 3 at Raigad Fort at age 50, possibly from fever or dysentery; succeeded by son Sambhaji.
Family
- Parents: Shahaji Bhonsle and Jijabai.
- Wives: Saibai, Soyarabai, Putalabai, others (total 8).
- Children: Sambhaji, Rajaram, and others (5 sons, 4 daughters).
Health
- Generally robust; death likely from illness (fever or dysentery).
Wealth
- Built wealth through conquests and taxation; invested in forts and navy.
Honors
- Titled Chhatrapati; revered as a national hero, with statues and holidays (Shivaji Jayanti) in his honor.
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